[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
. Up to the arrival of the Russians none of the Koloshi would in general16 even dare to touch any otter, but at present they kill them for trade, not fearing 17 and not seeing any evil in this, wrote Veniaminov (1840a:64).0pt 18 In the Russian American period Tlingit faith in shamans was shatteredNormal19 because the shamans proved powerless to avert the smallpox epidemics.TlingitPgEnds:20 confidence in European medicine grew.Golovin wrote that after their clash21 with the Yakutat people in 1861 at the walls of Novo-Arkhangel sk, the Sitka22 people turned not to their shamans but to the Russian doctor to help the[256], (423 severely wounded (Golovin 1863a:6:290).Certainly contributing to the elimi-24 nation of shamanism was Orthodox missionaries activities among the Tlingit,25 which began in the 1830s, as well as some Russian administration actions.The26 colonial leadership sometimes managed to save the lives of people accused by27 shamans of sorcery, which discredited the shamans authority.For example, in28 1861 two Indian women of the Sitka kwáan were saved from torture and death29 only because the Russians intervened (Kostlivtsov 1863:71).305.2.Tlingit Art and Games3132 The appearance of metal instruments and new kinds of raw materials led to33 the flowering of Tlingit applied art, primarily to artistic carving.During the34 Russian American period this art, almost unaffected by outside influence, ex-35 perienced its golden age. Here you do not see one toy, even the simplest, not36 one tool, nor any vessel, on which there would not be a multitude of different37 images, and especially on boxes and chests, the lids of which are faced moreover38 with shells resembling teeth, wrote Yu.F.Lisianskii in 1805 (1812:149).During39 this time the Tlingit masters created such complex compositions as the carved256 Influence of European Contacts on Tlingit Culture 1 panel in the Whale House at the Chilkat kwáan s Klukwan settlement (Feder2 1973:109).3 The form and purpose of the artistically executed artifacts were almost4 unchanged.Only occasionally did an object whose form copied things entirely5 foreign to traditional culture leave a Tlingit carver s hand: one master carved6 a ceremonial rattle in the form of a double-headed eagle that imitated the old7 Russian emblem (Niblack 1890:pl.8, fig.307); another creation was a smoking8 pipe in the form of a ship s cannon (De Laguna 1972:3:104).9 The Tlingit themselves not only made artistic artifacts in large quantity but10 at times ordered some that they especially liked from the Europeans.In 184111 Etolin requested that the rac s central board send about fifty masks to the12 colonies to trade with the Indians.He wrote that the masks[257], (49)13should not be such as we usually use in a masquerade, rather the14most misshapen disguises, by special order, with long noses, thickLines: 39515lips and teeth, with beards, and if possible with hair, and that they be16 somewhat larger than the usual masks.It doesn t matter if they are-0.5pt P17heavy, only that they be strong and as ugly as possible.The Koloshi 18urgently request such masks and I hope that in comparison with theNormal Pag19price in Russia it will be possible to sell them here to the KoloshiPgEnds: TEX20rather profitably for the company (avpr, f.rak, op.888, d.1007, l.21260 260ob.).22[257], (49)23 In 1843 the masks Etolin ordered were delivered to the colonies but failed to24 entirely justify his hopes, inasmuch as he noted: They, though pleasing to the25 Koloshi, seem to them flimsy and therefore do not move well in the course of26 trade (avpr, f.rak, op.888, d.1009, l.342).27 The expansion of interethnic connections during this period resulted in28 the Tlingit s borrowing other tribes dances.Tsimshian dances, and particu-29 larly those of the interior Athapaskans, became especially widespread (Olson30 1967:67).According to De Laguna, the Yakutat people loved to imitate the31 Chugach Eskimos dances (De Laguna 1972:1:213).They sometimes also bor-32 rowed legends and songs.It was probably in the 19th century that the custom33 of singing competitions arose.It was considered a great honor to win such34 competitions because it allegedly attested to the victor s spiritual superiority.It35 was seemingly not by accident that the Yakutat people, striving to beat their old36 rivals, the Sitka, sent people to the Copper River in 1860 to borrow songs from37 the local Athapaskan Ahtna.However, this did not help the Yakutat people.38 The Sitka people knew more songs because, before the competition, they had39 learned the songs of the Kodiak people who lived in Novo-Arkhangel sk.TheInfluence of European Contacts on Tlingit Culture 257 1 Yakutat people were so ashamed to lose that they threw themselves, armed,2 on the victors, and only luck and Russian intervention averted a bloody clash3 (Golovin 1863a:6:289).4 During the Russian American period the Russians taught the Tlingit to play5 checkers (De Laguna 1972:2:577).Competitions such as target shooting also6 date back to this time.Similar contests were organized between the Indians7 and the Russian promyshlenniki and sailors and held at the walls of Novo-8 Arkhangel sk.In the bay by the fort there were competitions between regattas9 of paddled boats: Russian launches and jolly boats, Aleut baidarkas, and Tlingit10 canoes (Zavalishin 1877:3:11:219).115.3.The First Literate Tlingit12[258], (513 During the Russian American period the Europeans made their first attempts14 to give a primary education to some Tlingit, these being amanaty.There theyLines: 4015 learned to speak Russian and, as the indirect evidence attests, to write it.In a16 letter to I.A.Kuskov, Baranov mentions a chief of the Akoi kwáan, Chesnyga, 17 to whom Kuskov should give a note if needed (or gbl, f.204, k.32, ed.khr.0pt 18 no.4, l.25ob.).From this one can conclude that Chesnyga knew how not onlyNormal19 to speak the Russian language but also to read and write it.PgEnds:20 In 1806 in Kodiak several Tlingit amanaty (including Niktopolion Gedeo-21 nov) were trained at the technical school that Hieromonk Gedeon founded.22 Two grades taught courses in reading, writing, grammar, short catechism,[258], (523 arithmetic, history, and geography (rgia, f.796, op.90, d.273, l.63 64ob.).24 Unfortunately, we have no information about whether these young Tlingit25 passed the whole course and how their studies influenced their later fortunes.26 Indeed, the Tlingit Prokopii Mal tsov (we only know his Christian name),27 who learned to read in St.Petersburg, met with a tragic fate.He found himself28 in Russia s capital at an early age and was tutored by the rac director M.M.29 Buldakov.A good learner, the young Indian successfully finished his technical30 school course in naval architecture and set off for the colonies in 1812 on the31 sloop Neva to become a shipbuilder in Novo-Arkhangel sk.However, this man,32 probably the first Tlingit educated in Europe, perished in 1813 in the terrible33 shipwreck on Sitka s shores (Pierce 1990:341).34 In a school later founded in Novo-Arkhangel sk, several Tlingit were trained35 at different times to read Russian and possibly study some other subjects.36 Veniaminov reported: Though up to the present there are yet no attempts37 on a large scale to teach the Koloshi reading, writing, and so on.But judging38 by three people [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl odbijak.htw.pl
. Up to the arrival of the Russians none of the Koloshi would in general16 even dare to touch any otter, but at present they kill them for trade, not fearing 17 and not seeing any evil in this, wrote Veniaminov (1840a:64).0pt 18 In the Russian American period Tlingit faith in shamans was shatteredNormal19 because the shamans proved powerless to avert the smallpox epidemics.TlingitPgEnds:20 confidence in European medicine grew.Golovin wrote that after their clash21 with the Yakutat people in 1861 at the walls of Novo-Arkhangel sk, the Sitka22 people turned not to their shamans but to the Russian doctor to help the[256], (423 severely wounded (Golovin 1863a:6:290).Certainly contributing to the elimi-24 nation of shamanism was Orthodox missionaries activities among the Tlingit,25 which began in the 1830s, as well as some Russian administration actions.The26 colonial leadership sometimes managed to save the lives of people accused by27 shamans of sorcery, which discredited the shamans authority.For example, in28 1861 two Indian women of the Sitka kwáan were saved from torture and death29 only because the Russians intervened (Kostlivtsov 1863:71).305.2.Tlingit Art and Games3132 The appearance of metal instruments and new kinds of raw materials led to33 the flowering of Tlingit applied art, primarily to artistic carving.During the34 Russian American period this art, almost unaffected by outside influence, ex-35 perienced its golden age. Here you do not see one toy, even the simplest, not36 one tool, nor any vessel, on which there would not be a multitude of different37 images, and especially on boxes and chests, the lids of which are faced moreover38 with shells resembling teeth, wrote Yu.F.Lisianskii in 1805 (1812:149).During39 this time the Tlingit masters created such complex compositions as the carved256 Influence of European Contacts on Tlingit Culture 1 panel in the Whale House at the Chilkat kwáan s Klukwan settlement (Feder2 1973:109).3 The form and purpose of the artistically executed artifacts were almost4 unchanged.Only occasionally did an object whose form copied things entirely5 foreign to traditional culture leave a Tlingit carver s hand: one master carved6 a ceremonial rattle in the form of a double-headed eagle that imitated the old7 Russian emblem (Niblack 1890:pl.8, fig.307); another creation was a smoking8 pipe in the form of a ship s cannon (De Laguna 1972:3:104).9 The Tlingit themselves not only made artistic artifacts in large quantity but10 at times ordered some that they especially liked from the Europeans.In 184111 Etolin requested that the rac s central board send about fifty masks to the12 colonies to trade with the Indians.He wrote that the masks[257], (49)13should not be such as we usually use in a masquerade, rather the14most misshapen disguises, by special order, with long noses, thickLines: 39515lips and teeth, with beards, and if possible with hair, and that they be16 somewhat larger than the usual masks.It doesn t matter if they are-0.5pt P17heavy, only that they be strong and as ugly as possible.The Koloshi 18urgently request such masks and I hope that in comparison with theNormal Pag19price in Russia it will be possible to sell them here to the KoloshiPgEnds: TEX20rather profitably for the company (avpr, f.rak, op.888, d.1007, l.21260 260ob.).22[257], (49)23 In 1843 the masks Etolin ordered were delivered to the colonies but failed to24 entirely justify his hopes, inasmuch as he noted: They, though pleasing to the25 Koloshi, seem to them flimsy and therefore do not move well in the course of26 trade (avpr, f.rak, op.888, d.1009, l.342).27 The expansion of interethnic connections during this period resulted in28 the Tlingit s borrowing other tribes dances.Tsimshian dances, and particu-29 larly those of the interior Athapaskans, became especially widespread (Olson30 1967:67).According to De Laguna, the Yakutat people loved to imitate the31 Chugach Eskimos dances (De Laguna 1972:1:213).They sometimes also bor-32 rowed legends and songs.It was probably in the 19th century that the custom33 of singing competitions arose.It was considered a great honor to win such34 competitions because it allegedly attested to the victor s spiritual superiority.It35 was seemingly not by accident that the Yakutat people, striving to beat their old36 rivals, the Sitka, sent people to the Copper River in 1860 to borrow songs from37 the local Athapaskan Ahtna.However, this did not help the Yakutat people.38 The Sitka people knew more songs because, before the competition, they had39 learned the songs of the Kodiak people who lived in Novo-Arkhangel sk.TheInfluence of European Contacts on Tlingit Culture 257 1 Yakutat people were so ashamed to lose that they threw themselves, armed,2 on the victors, and only luck and Russian intervention averted a bloody clash3 (Golovin 1863a:6:289).4 During the Russian American period the Russians taught the Tlingit to play5 checkers (De Laguna 1972:2:577).Competitions such as target shooting also6 date back to this time.Similar contests were organized between the Indians7 and the Russian promyshlenniki and sailors and held at the walls of Novo-8 Arkhangel sk.In the bay by the fort there were competitions between regattas9 of paddled boats: Russian launches and jolly boats, Aleut baidarkas, and Tlingit10 canoes (Zavalishin 1877:3:11:219).115.3.The First Literate Tlingit12[258], (513 During the Russian American period the Europeans made their first attempts14 to give a primary education to some Tlingit, these being amanaty.There theyLines: 4015 learned to speak Russian and, as the indirect evidence attests, to write it.In a16 letter to I.A.Kuskov, Baranov mentions a chief of the Akoi kwáan, Chesnyga, 17 to whom Kuskov should give a note if needed (or gbl, f.204, k.32, ed.khr.0pt 18 no.4, l.25ob.).From this one can conclude that Chesnyga knew how not onlyNormal19 to speak the Russian language but also to read and write it.PgEnds:20 In 1806 in Kodiak several Tlingit amanaty (including Niktopolion Gedeo-21 nov) were trained at the technical school that Hieromonk Gedeon founded.22 Two grades taught courses in reading, writing, grammar, short catechism,[258], (523 arithmetic, history, and geography (rgia, f.796, op.90, d.273, l.63 64ob.).24 Unfortunately, we have no information about whether these young Tlingit25 passed the whole course and how their studies influenced their later fortunes.26 Indeed, the Tlingit Prokopii Mal tsov (we only know his Christian name),27 who learned to read in St.Petersburg, met with a tragic fate.He found himself28 in Russia s capital at an early age and was tutored by the rac director M.M.29 Buldakov.A good learner, the young Indian successfully finished his technical30 school course in naval architecture and set off for the colonies in 1812 on the31 sloop Neva to become a shipbuilder in Novo-Arkhangel sk.However, this man,32 probably the first Tlingit educated in Europe, perished in 1813 in the terrible33 shipwreck on Sitka s shores (Pierce 1990:341).34 In a school later founded in Novo-Arkhangel sk, several Tlingit were trained35 at different times to read Russian and possibly study some other subjects.36 Veniaminov reported: Though up to the present there are yet no attempts37 on a large scale to teach the Koloshi reading, writing, and so on.But judging38 by three people [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]