[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.The only question would be, does this grouping orthat suit our purpose best? The reader may then class the emotions as he will, as sad or joyous,sthenic or asthenic, natural or acquired, inspired by animate or inanimate things, formal ormaterial, sensuous or ideal, direct or reflective, egoistic or non-egoistic, retrospective,prospective or immediate, organismally or environmentally initiated, or what more besides.Allthese are divisions which have been actually proposed.Each of them has its merits, and each onebrings together some emotions which the others keep apart.For a fuller account, and for otherclassificatory schemes, I refer to the Appendix to Bain's Emotions and the Will, and to Mercier's,Stanley's, and Read's articles on the Emotions, in Mind, vols.IX, X, and XI.In vol.IX.p.421there is also an article by the lamented Edmund Gurney in criticism of the view which in thischapter I continue to defend.Footnotes[1] Parts of this chapter have already appeared in an article published in 1884 in Mind.[2] Ueber Gemüthsbewegungen, uebersetzt von H.Kurella (Leipzig, 1887).[3] The bronchial tubes may be contracted as well as the ramifications of the pulmonary artery.Professor J.Henle has, amongst his Anthropologische Vorträge, an exquisite one on the 'NaturalHistory of the Sigh,' in which he represents our inspirations as the result of a battle between thered muscles of our skeleton, ribs, and diaphragm, and the white ones of the lungs, which seek tonarrow the calibre of the air-tubes."In the normal state the former easily conquer, but underother conditions they either conquer with difficulty or are defeated.The contrasted emotionsexpress themselves in similarly contrasted wise, by spasm and paralysis of the unstriped muscles,and for the most part alike in all the organs which are provided with them, as arteries, skin, andbronchial tubes.The contrast among the emotions is generally expressed by dividing them intoexciting and depressing ones.It is a remarkable fact that the depressing emotions, like fear,horror, disgust, increase the contraction of these smooth muscles, whilst the exciting emotions,Get any book for free on: www.Abika.com THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY325like joy, anger, etc., make them relax.Contrasts of temperature act similarly, cold like thedepressing, and warmth like the exciting, emotions.Cold produces pallor and gooseflesh,warmth smooths out the skin and widens the vessels.If one notices the uncomfortable moodbrought about by strained expectation, anxiety before a public address, vexation at an unmeritedaffront, etc., one finds that the suffering part of it concentrates itself principally in the chest, andthat it consists in a soreness, hardly to be called pain, felt in the middle of the breast and due toan unpleasant resistance which is offered to the movements of inspiration, and sets a limit totheir extent.The insufficiency of the diaphragm is obtruded upon consciousness, and we try bythe aid of the external voluntary chest-muscles to draw a deeper breath.[This is the sigh.] If wefail, the unpleasantness of the situation is increased, for then to our mental distress is added thecorporeally repugnant feeling of lack of air, a slight degree of suffocation.If, on the contrary, theouter muscles overcome the resistance of the inner ones, the oppressed breast is lightened.Wethink we speak symbolically when we speak of a stone weighing on our heart, or of a burdenrolled from off our breast.But really we only express the exact fact, for we should have to raisethe entire weight of the atmosphere (about 820 kilog.) at each inspiration, if the air did notbalance it by streaming into our lungs." (P.55.) It must not be forgotten that an inhibition of theinspiratory centre similar to that produced by exciting the superior laryngeal nerve may possiblyplay a part in these phenomena.For a very interesting discussion of the respiratory difficulty andits connection with anxiety and fear, see 'A Case of Hydrophobia' by the lamented Thos.B.Curtis in the Boston Med.and Surg.Journal, Nov.7 and 14, 1878, and remarks thereon by JamesJ.Putnam, ibid.Nov.21.[4] Origin of the Emotions, Darwin, pp.290-2.[5] La Physionomie et l'Expression des Sentiments (Paris, 1885), p.140.[6] Lange, op.cit.p.75.[7] Professor Höffding, in his excellent treatise on Psychology, admits (p.342) the mixture ofbodily sensation with purely spiritual affection in the emotions.He does not, however, discussthe difficulties of discerning the spiritual affection (nor even show that he has fairly consideredthem) in his contention that it exists.[8] Ein Fall von allgemeiner Anæsthesie (Heidelberg, 1882).[9] Ziemssen's Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medicin, XXII.321.[10] The not very uncommon cases of hysterical hemianæsthesia are not complete enough to beutilized in this inquiry.Moreover, the recent researches, of which some account was given inChapter IV, tend to show that hysterical anæsthesia is not a real absence of sensibility, but a'dissociation,' as M.Pierre Janet calls it, or splitting-off of certain sensations from the rest of theperson's consciousness, this rest forming the self which remains connected with tire ordinaryorgans of expression.The split-off consciousness forms a secondary self; and M.Janet writes methat he sees no reason why sensations whose 'dissociation' from the body of consciousness makesthe patient practically anæsthetic, might not, nevertheless, contribute to the emotional life of thepatient.They do still contribute to the function of locomotion; for in his patient L.there was noGet any book for free on: www.Abika.com THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY326ataxia in spite of the anæsthesia.M.Janet writes me, apropos of his anæsthetic patient L., thatshe seemed to 'suffer by hallucination.' "I have often pricked or burned her without warning, andwhen she did not see me.She never moved, and evidently perceived nothing.But if afterwards inher movements she caught sight of her wounded arm, and saw on her skin a little drop of bloodresulting from a slight cut, she would begin to cry out and lament as if she suffered a great deal.'My blood flows,' she said one day; 'I must be suffering a great deal!' She suffered byhallucination.This sort of suffering is very general in hysterics [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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.The only question would be, does this grouping orthat suit our purpose best? The reader may then class the emotions as he will, as sad or joyous,sthenic or asthenic, natural or acquired, inspired by animate or inanimate things, formal ormaterial, sensuous or ideal, direct or reflective, egoistic or non-egoistic, retrospective,prospective or immediate, organismally or environmentally initiated, or what more besides.Allthese are divisions which have been actually proposed.Each of them has its merits, and each onebrings together some emotions which the others keep apart.For a fuller account, and for otherclassificatory schemes, I refer to the Appendix to Bain's Emotions and the Will, and to Mercier's,Stanley's, and Read's articles on the Emotions, in Mind, vols.IX, X, and XI.In vol.IX.p.421there is also an article by the lamented Edmund Gurney in criticism of the view which in thischapter I continue to defend.Footnotes[1] Parts of this chapter have already appeared in an article published in 1884 in Mind.[2] Ueber Gemüthsbewegungen, uebersetzt von H.Kurella (Leipzig, 1887).[3] The bronchial tubes may be contracted as well as the ramifications of the pulmonary artery.Professor J.Henle has, amongst his Anthropologische Vorträge, an exquisite one on the 'NaturalHistory of the Sigh,' in which he represents our inspirations as the result of a battle between thered muscles of our skeleton, ribs, and diaphragm, and the white ones of the lungs, which seek tonarrow the calibre of the air-tubes."In the normal state the former easily conquer, but underother conditions they either conquer with difficulty or are defeated.The contrasted emotionsexpress themselves in similarly contrasted wise, by spasm and paralysis of the unstriped muscles,and for the most part alike in all the organs which are provided with them, as arteries, skin, andbronchial tubes.The contrast among the emotions is generally expressed by dividing them intoexciting and depressing ones.It is a remarkable fact that the depressing emotions, like fear,horror, disgust, increase the contraction of these smooth muscles, whilst the exciting emotions,Get any book for free on: www.Abika.com THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY325like joy, anger, etc., make them relax.Contrasts of temperature act similarly, cold like thedepressing, and warmth like the exciting, emotions.Cold produces pallor and gooseflesh,warmth smooths out the skin and widens the vessels.If one notices the uncomfortable moodbrought about by strained expectation, anxiety before a public address, vexation at an unmeritedaffront, etc., one finds that the suffering part of it concentrates itself principally in the chest, andthat it consists in a soreness, hardly to be called pain, felt in the middle of the breast and due toan unpleasant resistance which is offered to the movements of inspiration, and sets a limit totheir extent.The insufficiency of the diaphragm is obtruded upon consciousness, and we try bythe aid of the external voluntary chest-muscles to draw a deeper breath.[This is the sigh.] If wefail, the unpleasantness of the situation is increased, for then to our mental distress is added thecorporeally repugnant feeling of lack of air, a slight degree of suffocation.If, on the contrary, theouter muscles overcome the resistance of the inner ones, the oppressed breast is lightened.Wethink we speak symbolically when we speak of a stone weighing on our heart, or of a burdenrolled from off our breast.But really we only express the exact fact, for we should have to raisethe entire weight of the atmosphere (about 820 kilog.) at each inspiration, if the air did notbalance it by streaming into our lungs." (P.55.) It must not be forgotten that an inhibition of theinspiratory centre similar to that produced by exciting the superior laryngeal nerve may possiblyplay a part in these phenomena.For a very interesting discussion of the respiratory difficulty andits connection with anxiety and fear, see 'A Case of Hydrophobia' by the lamented Thos.B.Curtis in the Boston Med.and Surg.Journal, Nov.7 and 14, 1878, and remarks thereon by JamesJ.Putnam, ibid.Nov.21.[4] Origin of the Emotions, Darwin, pp.290-2.[5] La Physionomie et l'Expression des Sentiments (Paris, 1885), p.140.[6] Lange, op.cit.p.75.[7] Professor Höffding, in his excellent treatise on Psychology, admits (p.342) the mixture ofbodily sensation with purely spiritual affection in the emotions.He does not, however, discussthe difficulties of discerning the spiritual affection (nor even show that he has fairly consideredthem) in his contention that it exists.[8] Ein Fall von allgemeiner Anæsthesie (Heidelberg, 1882).[9] Ziemssen's Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medicin, XXII.321.[10] The not very uncommon cases of hysterical hemianæsthesia are not complete enough to beutilized in this inquiry.Moreover, the recent researches, of which some account was given inChapter IV, tend to show that hysterical anæsthesia is not a real absence of sensibility, but a'dissociation,' as M.Pierre Janet calls it, or splitting-off of certain sensations from the rest of theperson's consciousness, this rest forming the self which remains connected with tire ordinaryorgans of expression.The split-off consciousness forms a secondary self; and M.Janet writes methat he sees no reason why sensations whose 'dissociation' from the body of consciousness makesthe patient practically anæsthetic, might not, nevertheless, contribute to the emotional life of thepatient.They do still contribute to the function of locomotion; for in his patient L.there was noGet any book for free on: www.Abika.com THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY326ataxia in spite of the anæsthesia.M.Janet writes me, apropos of his anæsthetic patient L., thatshe seemed to 'suffer by hallucination.' "I have often pricked or burned her without warning, andwhen she did not see me.She never moved, and evidently perceived nothing.But if afterwards inher movements she caught sight of her wounded arm, and saw on her skin a little drop of bloodresulting from a slight cut, she would begin to cry out and lament as if she suffered a great deal.'My blood flows,' she said one day; 'I must be suffering a great deal!' She suffered byhallucination.This sort of suffering is very general in hysterics [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]