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.These were serious commitments for the cautious and hard-pressed Danish regime, and it seems clear that the king meant tohonor them, in spite of objections from the council of the realm.At Kalundborg in May council lords protested; how could the kingjustify service outside the kingdom? The council had not approvedthe treaty, and the matter did not concern Denmark or the duchies.52Friedrich was determined to take a calculated risk for the sake ofgaining a solid ally.And the Danish alliance with Hesse was in factof considerable importance to the kingdom of Denmark.It lasted,with amendments and renewals, for ten years and more.Over time itbecame the basis for Denmark s system of alliances with Evangelicalprinces in the Reich.During negotiations with King Friedrich, thelandgrave of Hesse and the elector of Sachsen assumed that the kingwas one of them, a prince committed to the Evangelical cause.KingFriedrich did not contradict them.After the decisions taken in Odense in 1526 and 1527 KingFriedrich s subjects made the same assumption.It was clear that therewould be no move against the Lutheran sect in spite of pressure from50Ibid., 242 58.51Ibid., 259 71; Huitfeldt Fr I, 171 73; for a summary of Fr I s subsequent commitments seeGrevens Feide I, 265 71.52Huitfeldt Fr I, 172 73. 214 Successors, 1523 1533Catholic prelates.The reform movement expanded and establisheditself in many towns.In the opening phase of agitation, God s Word served as the the-matic focus.Neglect of scripture, wrote Peder Laurentsen, was thecause of our long error and blindness. The word and law of man has long had the upper hand, and manhas gone his way in his own inventions, but God s Way and Hisjust Word of Truth has either been forgotten and cast out, or soobscured by human glosses, writing, and additions, that few are therebyimproved.53On this basis the preachers opposed indulgences, purgatory, monas-ticism, celibacy, and the cult of saints as human inventions.Theyrejected masses for the repose of the soul, private masses where onlythe priest enjoyed communion.The bread and wine were God s bodyand blood, to be shared with ordinary men, in both kinds; the breadand wine were the promise of forgiveness of sin.To this point, the bishops had seen their problems as politicaland economic; they had enforced their jurisdictions and dismissedEvangelical teaching.After King Friedrich refused to bring forceto bear against these errors, however, it was clear that the heresywould have to be fought with spiritual weapons.What was wanted,the Catholic party agreed, was a champion.A champion, as theyunderstood the situation, was an aggressive partisan, full of scholasticdistinctions and theological subtleties, appealing to the like-minded.The bishops of Jylland invited the Reich s leading controversialists,Drs.Johann Eck and Johannes Cochlaeus, who declined.54 Erasmuswarned Cochlaeus that the way was long and the folk were wild.The Catholic party turned to the Carmelite Poul Helgesen, whotook the Danish New Testament printed in Wittenberg as an occasionfor a diatribe on Lutheran reform, the reformers, and their politicalmachinations.He attacked Hans Mikkelsen, the great Malmø bas-soon, as a knave, a heretic, and a traitor; Mikkelsen s incompetentslovenly translation, neither Danish nor German, offered an accu-rate index of Mikkelsen s vile personal qualities and lack of character.The actual though unstated intent of his translation was strife amongKing Friedrich, the commoners, the nobility, and the clergy, ending inthe return of Christian II. Christian was not, as Mikkelsen claimed,the king chosen by God; rather, God had used the king as a rod tochastise His people, and now in exile justly punished the king for his53Laurentsen 1530, facsimile 1979.54Huitfeldt Fr I, 156; Lausten 1987c, 66 68; Grell 1995, 82 83. Reform by Indirection 215tyranny.Mikkelsen s apology for Christian II implied that authoritymay do as it pleases. You have learned to explicate scripture thus inWittenberg, in the new school that now means to reform the wholeworld. After rejecting the translation and defending the expulsionof Christian II, Helgesen predicted the new teaching would nevercatch on [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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.These were serious commitments for the cautious and hard-pressed Danish regime, and it seems clear that the king meant tohonor them, in spite of objections from the council of the realm.At Kalundborg in May council lords protested; how could the kingjustify service outside the kingdom? The council had not approvedthe treaty, and the matter did not concern Denmark or the duchies.52Friedrich was determined to take a calculated risk for the sake ofgaining a solid ally.And the Danish alliance with Hesse was in factof considerable importance to the kingdom of Denmark.It lasted,with amendments and renewals, for ten years and more.Over time itbecame the basis for Denmark s system of alliances with Evangelicalprinces in the Reich.During negotiations with King Friedrich, thelandgrave of Hesse and the elector of Sachsen assumed that the kingwas one of them, a prince committed to the Evangelical cause.KingFriedrich did not contradict them.After the decisions taken in Odense in 1526 and 1527 KingFriedrich s subjects made the same assumption.It was clear that therewould be no move against the Lutheran sect in spite of pressure from50Ibid., 242 58.51Ibid., 259 71; Huitfeldt Fr I, 171 73; for a summary of Fr I s subsequent commitments seeGrevens Feide I, 265 71.52Huitfeldt Fr I, 172 73. 214 Successors, 1523 1533Catholic prelates.The reform movement expanded and establisheditself in many towns.In the opening phase of agitation, God s Word served as the the-matic focus.Neglect of scripture, wrote Peder Laurentsen, was thecause of our long error and blindness. The word and law of man has long had the upper hand, and manhas gone his way in his own inventions, but God s Way and Hisjust Word of Truth has either been forgotten and cast out, or soobscured by human glosses, writing, and additions, that few are therebyimproved.53On this basis the preachers opposed indulgences, purgatory, monas-ticism, celibacy, and the cult of saints as human inventions.Theyrejected masses for the repose of the soul, private masses where onlythe priest enjoyed communion.The bread and wine were God s bodyand blood, to be shared with ordinary men, in both kinds; the breadand wine were the promise of forgiveness of sin.To this point, the bishops had seen their problems as politicaland economic; they had enforced their jurisdictions and dismissedEvangelical teaching.After King Friedrich refused to bring forceto bear against these errors, however, it was clear that the heresywould have to be fought with spiritual weapons.What was wanted,the Catholic party agreed, was a champion.A champion, as theyunderstood the situation, was an aggressive partisan, full of scholasticdistinctions and theological subtleties, appealing to the like-minded.The bishops of Jylland invited the Reich s leading controversialists,Drs.Johann Eck and Johannes Cochlaeus, who declined.54 Erasmuswarned Cochlaeus that the way was long and the folk were wild.The Catholic party turned to the Carmelite Poul Helgesen, whotook the Danish New Testament printed in Wittenberg as an occasionfor a diatribe on Lutheran reform, the reformers, and their politicalmachinations.He attacked Hans Mikkelsen, the great Malmø bas-soon, as a knave, a heretic, and a traitor; Mikkelsen s incompetentslovenly translation, neither Danish nor German, offered an accu-rate index of Mikkelsen s vile personal qualities and lack of character.The actual though unstated intent of his translation was strife amongKing Friedrich, the commoners, the nobility, and the clergy, ending inthe return of Christian II. Christian was not, as Mikkelsen claimed,the king chosen by God; rather, God had used the king as a rod tochastise His people, and now in exile justly punished the king for his53Laurentsen 1530, facsimile 1979.54Huitfeldt Fr I, 156; Lausten 1987c, 66 68; Grell 1995, 82 83. Reform by Indirection 215tyranny.Mikkelsen s apology for Christian II implied that authoritymay do as it pleases. You have learned to explicate scripture thus inWittenberg, in the new school that now means to reform the wholeworld. After rejecting the translation and defending the expulsionof Christian II, Helgesen predicted the new teaching would nevercatch on [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]